Fredrick Douglass Essay example -- Biography Biographies Bio

Frederick Douglass, an abolitionist who altered Americas views of slavery through his writings and actions. Fredericks life as a slave had the greatest impact on his writings. Through his experience as a slave, he developed emotion and experience for him to become a self-made abolitionist writer. He experienced harsh treatment and his hate for slavery and desire to be free caused him to write annals of the Life of Frederick Douglass. In his Narrative, he wrote the story of his miserable life as a slave and his shinny to be free. His motivation behind the character (himself) was to make it through an otherwise daytime so that maybe one day he might be free. By speaking out, fighting as an abolitionist and finally becoming an author, Douglasss transubstantiation from a slave into a mankind. In a preface of Douglass autobiography, William Lloyd Garrison writes, I am confident that it is essentially true in all its statements that slide fastener has been set down in malice, n othing exaggerated, nothing drawn from the imagination that it comes short of the reality, rather than overstates a single fact in regard to thrall AS IT IS.(Garrison, 34). The significance of this statement validates and promises that Douglass words be nothing but the truth. This made the narrative more marketable to the white audience and people were listening. Douglass realise that he did not need assurance from white people to be respected. Thats why he addressed his master for all the wrong things done to him. Slaves are looked as not human. Douglass completes his journey from slave to man when he creates his own identity. He speaks out, fighting as an abolitionist and finally becoming an author. Douglass tells his story not simply as a search for fr... ...e torture and pain of slavery, he had an excellent reason to fight for the abolitionist movement. He became successful in his fight against slavery. His works documented the rise of a slave to a free man, to a res pected speaker, to a famous writer and politician. In his narrative, Douglass simplifies his experience to that of other slaves showing the cruelty, psychological and physical struggle of slaves. Douglass went through several life changes, from being a slave to having freedom. He went from the south to the north, from a young man to a well known and respected speaker. This man helped America come to terms with slavery which was an important factor in the abolitionist movement.Works CitedFrederick Douglass, Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, An American Slave, Written by Himself (New York, N.Y. W.W. Norton and Company, 1997).

The Importance of the Requiem in Death of a Salesman Essay -- Death Sa

The Importance of the Requiem in Death of a Salesman In the play, Death of a Salesman, the final examination chapter is titled Requiem instead of Epilogue. The definition of Requiem in The concise Oxford dictionary is a special Mass for repose of souls of the dead. The Requiem serves as a protective covering to Willy Loman. Sympathy is evoked and reasons for his behavior are given. Charley gives the central speech- Nobody dast blame this man. A salesman has got to dream, boy. It comes with the territory. Any blame or anger at Willy is counteracted. It echoes Linda earlier in the play But hes a human being, and a terrible thing is happening to him. So attention must be paid. It is made absolutely certain that Willy is sympathized with preferably than cursed. Though Biff criticizes Willy and argues with him, he still respects him and is compassionate-A fine, troubled prince. A hard-working, unappreciated prince. The dramatic car crash at the end of the previous outlook would be a violent ending, and would leave us with many questions. Before he kills himself it looks like things are on their way to getting better, as if Willy realizes the splendour of himself in the family. We can see that Willy is killing himself to help Biff- Can you imagine that magnificence with twenty thousand dollars in his pocket?. Its ironic that Willy commits suicide to get on Biffs career when it serves to finish it, but it convinces Happy, the son who was always second best, to carry on like his father. We know that Biff has no need for the money, as the things he appreciates in life are free. He thinks that his family will be thankful- Ben, hell worship me for it when we know they wont. Without the Requiem we wouldnt know how th... ...ma. 36 (1993) 443-453. Eisinger, Chester E. Focus on Arthur Millers Death of a Salesman The vituperate Dreams, in American Dreams, American Nightmares, (1970 rpt In clc. Detroit Gale Research. 1976 vol. 6331 Florio, Thomas A., ed. Millers Ta les. The New Yorker. 70 (1994) 35-36. Foster, Richard J. (Confusion and calamity The Failure of Millers Salesman (1959) rpt in clc. Detroit Gale Research. 1983 vol. 26316 Gardner, R. H. (Tragedy of the Lowest Man, in his Splintered Stage (1965) rpt in clc. Detroit Gale Research. 1983 vol. 2l6320 Hayashi, Tetsumaro. Arthur Miller Criticism. Metuchen, NJ Scarecrow Press, 1969. Martin, Robert A., ed. Arthur Miller. Englewood Cliffs, NJ Prentice-Hall, 1982. Miller, Arthur. Death of a Salesman. New York Viking, 1965. ---. Eight Plays. New York Nelson Doubleday, 1981.

In Praise of Folly - Erasmus Dichotomy Essay -- In Praise of Folly Es

In Praise of Folly - Erasmus Dichotomy The Silenus box is a case carved ilk an ugly Silenus that can be opened to reveal beautiful, precious objects (Erasmus 43, footnote). This box appears in Erasmus Praise of Folly as a metaphor for the central withdraw in the novel, which is that that which appears to be Folly (ugly) externally, is wise (precious) within. Erasmus reveals this dichotomy on three levels in the count on of the box itself, in his genuine praise of Folly, and in the structure of the novel as a whole. Erasmus, using the female voice of Folly, introduces his reader to the image of the Silenus box early in the text, thereby allowing his reader to carry the image with her for the rest of her time reading (and see its metaphoric nature when appropriate). Folly makes the introduction, saying, All human affairs... have two aspects quite different from each other. She then goes on to explain that this means, according to Plato, that things that appear at first blush... to be death, will, if you examine them more closely, turn out to be life... in brief, you will find everything perfectly reversed if you open the Silenus (43). In more direct terms, something which on its surface seems one way (the bad way), has opposite (good) guts. In The Praise of Folly, the pair of opposites that Erasmus focuses on is that of imbecility and wisdom. By including a passage dedicated to the description of the Silenus, Erasmus gives his readers a concrete picture to grasp onto that stands for the novels link between this pair of opposites, which is that wisdom comes under the wrapper of folly. The passage allows the reader to understand this central opinion more easily. The concept, in its many manifestations, c... ...this same literary tradition, Rabelais utilizes this peculiar narrative technique in Gargantua and Pantagruel, where he too hides the wisdom in his work behind the veil of foolish, and even vulgar, language. Erasmus inclusion of the passage exp laining the Selenus box allows it to be a metaphor for the central concept in the novel. Through its presence, Erasmus gives us, his readers, a tool with which to separate the layers of his text. Without it, we might be stranded (after reading) with the inaccurate belief that Erasmus was a babbling hypocrite, with contradictory ideas sprinkled throughout his work. But, I suppose, we could have just attributed that fault to Folly, who is always more than willing to accept such a title. Work Cited Erasmus, D. 1511. In Praise of Folly. (Translated by L. Dean and republished by Hendricks House Farrar Straus. 1946.)

Literature and the Middle Ages Essay -- Middle Age Literature

Literature and the Middle Ages The Renaissance invented the Middle Ages in recite to define itself the Enlightenment perpetuated them in order to admire itself and the Romantics revived them in order to escape from themselves. In their widest ramifications the Middle Ages thus constitute one of the most prevalent cultural myths of the modern world. -- Brian Stock, Listening for the Text. The Middle Ages is a time of guessing wherein one of the most hypothetical concepts is time. The present essay addresses time as a conceptual and historical problem, in literary, religious, and practical terms. The interested student testament find here valuable information on the origins of French literature, how the Middle Ages got its name, theological and everyday measurements of time, and the relationships of myth and fiction to genealogy in the founding of puritanic families and feudal dynasties.Somewhere between the fall of the Roman Empire and the Renaissance there was a middle time . During this period, the French address was born from the cradle of latinity. The ninth century, in fact, provides us with the first testimonies of what will become the language of French literature. Indeed, in the year 813, the emergence of the importance and widespread use of vernacular language in Europe is marked by the Council of Tours which, by giving priests the right to pronounce sermons in the common tongue (rusticam), particularly in French (gallicam) and German (teudiscam), sought to mediate a crisis in preaching by closing the linguistic gap that had developed between the clergy and the lay people. Moreover, on 14 February 842, the Strasbourg Oaths regenerate the military and political alliance between Louis the German a... ...500. Vol. XI/1 of Grundriss der Romanischen Literaturen des Mittelalters. Eds. Hans Ulrich Gumbrecht, et al. Heidelberg Carl Winter Universittsverlag, 1986. 135-156.Duggan, Joseph J. The Experience of Time as a Fundamental piece of the Stock o f Knowledge in Medieval Society. In Gumbrecht, et al. 127-134.Eco, Umberto. Travels in Hyperreality. Trans. William Weaver. San Diego, New York, London Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1986.Edelman, Nathan. The Early Uses of Medium Aevum, Moyen Age, Middle Ages. The Eye of the Beholder. Ed. Jules Brody. Baltimore and London Johns Hopkins University Press, 1974. 58-81.Gourvitch, Aaron J. Les cronkgories de la culture mdivale. Trans. Hlne Courtin, Nina Godneff. Paris Gallimard, 1983.Stock, Brian. Listening for the Text On the Uses of the Past. Baltimore and London Johns Hopkins University Press, 1990.

Call of the Wild :: essays research papers

Call of the WildBUCK, A POWERFUL DOG, half St. Bernard and half sheepdog, lives on Judge Millers estate in Californias Santa Clara Valley. He leads a comfortable life there, but it comes to an revoke when men discover gold in the Klondike region of Canada and a great demand arises for fast dogs to pull sleds. charge is kidnapped by a gardener on the Miller estate and sold to dog traders, who teach Buck to obey by overcome him with a club and, subsequently, ship him north to the Klondike.Arriving in the chilly North, Buck is amazed by the cruelty he sees around him. As soon as another dog from his ship, Curly, gets off the boat, a pack of huskies violently attacks and kills her. Watching her death, Buck vows never to let the same fate befall him. Buck becomes the office of Francois and Perrault, two mail carriers working for the Canadian government, and begins to adjust to life as a sled dog. He recovers the instincts of his wild ancestors he learns to fight, scavenge for food, and sleep downstairs the snow on winter nights. At the same time, he develops a fierce rivalry with Spitz, the lead dog in the squad. One of their fights is broken up when a pack of wild dogs invades the camp, but Buck begins to undercut Spitzs authority, and eventually the two dogs become involved in a major fight. Buck kills Spitz and takes his say as the lead dog.With Buck at the head of the team, Francois and Perraults sled makes record time. However, the men soon turn the team over to a mail carrier who forces the dogs to carry much heavier loads. In the midst of a particularly arduous trip, one of the dogs becomes ill, and eventually the driver has to shoot him. At the end of this journey, the dogs are exhausted, and the mail carrier sells them to a group of American gold huntersHal, Charles, and Mercedes.Bucks new masters are inexperienced and out of place in the wilderness. They overload the sled, beat the dogs, and plan poorly. Halfway through their journey, they begin t o run out of food. While the humans bicker, the dogs begin to starve, and the weaker animals soon die. Of an original team of fourteen, only five are still alive when they limp into John Thorntons camp, still some distance from their destination.

Mass-Observation, Microscopy, and the Everyday Essay -- Essays Papers

Mass-Observation, Microscopy, and the day-by-dayThe mundane is an assimilation of fragmentizeed happenings that are interwoven to manifest society. A general stereotype of society underside not be drawn from a single fragment, but must be created through an examination of the relationships between individual pieces. every fragment, no look how banal, contributes to the apprehensiveness of the everyday. In order to study the everyday, the use of microscopy and Mass-Observation are essential because they provide a direction of viewing the everyday in a guidance that is unfamiliar.Every minute atom is part of a whole intricate system of operations. Though the atom is minute, the modal value it interacts with the objects nearly it is important. Whether it is transmitting information, relaying information, or interacting with some other atom, these inner-workings deepen to create a functional system. In the everyday, the smallest of fragments is important to understanding society and what drives it through time. Interactions of fragments give insight into the general environment in which the fragment belongs. Formally, examiners of the everyday focused on studying society through large social structures. Simmel, one of the major theorists in German philosophy and social cognizance around the turn of the century, views the everyday differently. He believes that the everyday can not be studied on the macroscopic level, but instead should be viewed at the microscopical level (Ben Highmore 37). Simmel emphasizes using microscopic investigations of interactions between fragments to gain insight into the everyday (Highmore 37). His project of microscopy allows for the fragments of the everyday to be studied in a way that conclude society as a whole. ... ...nd analyzed. Though social microscopy it used to study the social aspect of the everyday, every fragment is important. Simmel stated Even the lowest, as such scrofulous phenomenon can be disso lved into contexts of color and form, feeling and experience which provide it with significance (Highmore 39). It is through microscopy and Mass-Observation that the everydayness of society is studied in a way that is made unfamiliar. Works Cited- Bancroft, Angus. Georg Simmel. Introduction to Sociology. (Nov. 1998). 8 Nov. 2004 .- Baudelaire, Charles. Paris Spleen. New Directions Publishing Corporation, 1970.- Highmore, Ben. Everyday Life and Cultural Theory. London and New York Taylor and Francis Group, 2002.- Kafka, Franz. The Trial. New York Schocken Books Inc., 1998. Mass-Observation, Microscopy, and the Everyday Essay -- Essays PapersMass-Observation, Microscopy, and the EverydayThe everyday is an assimilation of fragmented happenings that are interwoven to manifest society. A general stereotype of society can not be drawn from a single fragment, but must be created through an examination of the relationships between individual pieces. Every fra gment, no matter how banal, contributes to the understanding of the everyday. In order to study the everyday, the use of microscopy and Mass-Observation are essential because they provide a way of viewing the everyday in a way that is unfamiliar.Every minute atom is part of a whole intricate system of operations. Though the atom is minute, the way it interacts with the objects around it is important. Whether it is transmitting information, relaying information, or interacting with another atom, these inner-workings combine to create a functional system. In the everyday, the smallest of fragments is important to understanding society and what drives it through time. Interactions of fragments give insight into the general environment in which the fragment belongs. Formally, examiners of the everyday focused on studying society through large social structures. Simmel, one of the major theorists in German philosophy and social science around the turn of the century, views the every day differently. He believes that the everyday can not be studied on the macroscopic level, but instead should be viewed at the microscopic level (Ben Highmore 37). Simmel emphasizes using microscopic investigations of interactions between fragments to gain insight into the everyday (Highmore 37). His project of microscopy allows for the fragments of the everyday to be studied in a way that generalized society as a whole. ... ...nd analyzed. Though social microscopy it used to study the social aspect of the everyday, every fragment is important. Simmel stated Even the lowest, intrinsically ugly phenomenon can be dissolved into contexts of color and form, feeling and experience which provide it with significance (Highmore 39). It is through microscopy and Mass-Observation that the everydayness of society is studied in a way that is made unfamiliar. Works Cited- Bancroft, Angus. Georg Simmel. Introduction to Sociology. (Nov. 1998). 8 Nov. 2004 .- Baudelaire, Charles. Pa ris Spleen. New Directions Publishing Corporation, 1970.- Highmore, Ben. Everyday Life and Cultural Theory. London and New York Taylor and Francis Group, 2002.- Kafka, Franz. The Trial. New York Schocken Books Inc., 1998.

Mass-Observation, Microscopy, and the Everyday Essay -- Essays Papers

Mass-Observation, Microscopy, and the effortlessThe familiar is an assimilation of fragmented happenings that are interlacing to straightforward society. A general stereotype of society can not be drawn from a single fragment, but must be created by dint of with(predicate) an run of the relationships between individual pieces. Every fragment, no matter how banal, contributes to the understanding of the everyday. In order to study the everyday, the use of microscopy and Mass-Observation are essential because they provide a panache of viewing the everyday in a way that is unfamiliar.Every minute part is part of a whole intricate system of operations. though the atom is minute, the way it interacts with the objects around it is important. Whether it is transmitting information, relaying information, or interacting with another atom, these inner-workings combine to create a functional system. In the everyday, the smallest of fragments is important to understanding society and what drives it finished time. Interactions of fragments possess insight into the general environment in which the fragment belongs. Formally, examiners of the everyday focused on studying society through large kindly structures. Simmel, unity of the major(ip) theorists in German philosophy and social science around the turn of the century, views the everyday differently. He believes that the everyday can not be study on the macroscopic level, but instead should be viewed at the microscopic level (Ben Highmore 37). Simmel emphasizes using microscopic investigations of interactions between fragments to gain insight into the everyday (Highmore 37). His regard of microscopy allows for the fragments of the everyday to be studied in a way that generalized society as a whole. ... ...nd analyzed. Though social microscopy it used to study the social flavor of the everyday, every fragment is important. Simmel stated Even the lowest, intrinsically ugly phenomenon can be diss olved into contexts of color and form, feeling and experience which provide it with implication (Highmore 39). It is through microscopy and Mass-Observation that the everydayness of society is studied in a way that is made unfamiliar. Works Cited- Bancroft, Angus. Georg Simmel. Introduction to Sociology. (Nov. 1998). 8 Nov. 2004 .- Baudelaire, Charles. Paris Spleen. New Directions Publishing Corporation, 1970.- Highmore, Ben. Everyday conduct and Cultural Theory. London and New York Taylor and Francis Group, 2002.- Kafka, Franz. The Trial. New York Schocken Books Inc., 1998. Mass-Observation, Microscopy, and the Everyday Essay -- Essays PapersMass-Observation, Microscopy, and the EverydayThe everyday is an assimilation of fragmented happenings that are interwoven to manifest society. A general stereotype of society can not be drawn from a single fragment, but must be created through an examination of the relationships between individual pieces. Ever y fragment, no matter how banal, contributes to the understanding of the everyday. In order to study the everyday, the use of microscopy and Mass-Observation are essential because they provide a way of viewing the everyday in a way that is unfamiliar.Every minute atom is part of a whole intricate system of operations. Though the atom is minute, the way it interacts with the objects around it is important. Whether it is transmitting information, relaying information, or interacting with another atom, these inner-workings combine to create a functional system. In the everyday, the smallest of fragments is important to understanding society and what drives it through time. Interactions of fragments give insight into the general environment in which the fragment belongs. Formally, examiners of the everyday focused on studying society through large social structures. Simmel, one of the major theorists in German philosophy and social science around the turn of the century, views the everyday differently. He believes that the everyday can not be studied on the macroscopic level, but instead should be viewed at the microscopic level (Ben Highmore 37). Simmel emphasizes using microscopic investigations of interactions between fragments to gain insight into the everyday (Highmore 37). His project of microscopy allows for the fragments of the everyday to be studied in a way that generalized society as a whole. ... ...nd analyzed. Though social microscopy it used to study the social aspect of the everyday, every fragment is important. Simmel stated Even the lowest, intrinsically ugly phenomenon can be dissolved into contexts of color and form, feeling and experience which provide it with significance (Highmore 39). It is through microscopy and Mass-Observation that the everydayness of society is studied in a way that is made unfamiliar. Works Cited- Bancroft, Angus. Georg Simmel. Introduction to Sociology. (Nov. 1998). 8 Nov. 2004 .- Baudelaire, Charle s. Paris Spleen. New Directions Publishing Corporation, 1970.- Highmore, Ben. Everyday Life and Cultural Theory. London and New York Taylor and Francis Group, 2002.- Kafka, Franz. The Trial. New York Schocken Books Inc., 1998.

Organizational Metaphors Essay

The two metaphors that I am about to describe to you are machines and organisms. I am also going to tear down what each metaphor suggests about how humans and their style are recognized in the organization. I will also let you know the similarities and differences in the two metaphors. Also conclude on how the ability to switch between metaphors might enhance effective leadership and organizational behavior. The machines wizard tends to think of inputs and outputs, standardization, productivity, measurement, and control.The organization tends to compulsion the workers to just perform the mechanics of the job. They want them to not think about what to do, just perform with manpower. They just wanted them to be the energy to propel the organizational machine. The jobs they were required to perform were more simplified so that the workers were cheap and easy to train, supervise, and replace. This helped them to interchange workers as they needed at any given time. The human behav ior perceived in this machines metaphor was they were just there to do their job and they had no input in what was being d unity.This metaphor showed me how an organization terminate perceive a worker in their job functions. Some organizations make their employees feel that they are just a body there doing the work that needs to be done. The organism metaphor is a living system existing in a wider purlieu depending on the workers various needs. There is no one lift out way to design or manage an organization. The flow of information between different parts of the systems and its environment is the key to the organizations success.It is important to increase the fit between individual, team and organizational needs. This metaphor represents the organization as an open system. Organizations are seen as sets of interrelated sub-systems designed to balance the requirements of the environment with internal needs of groups and individuals. This metaphor informed me how a worker can be perceived as an organism in a system. They can con and adapt to different things in the job functions. As far as the similarities in organisms and machines, they both want their businesses to be profitable.The differences are organisms are more centripetal to environmental feedback than machines. Machines tend to be more efficient and do things in an orderly way. Machines can only be replaced or repaired they cannot develop. In conditioned what ones employees are as far as the metaphors of the organization, you will then be able to adapt to each set of employees in their job functions. If one would know what metaphor they pertain to, one will know how to lead them in the right direction in advancement in their job performance. permits say one would have an employee that doesnt have as much self-esteem as the other employee, you would have to handle them more guardedly than with the employee that has more self-esteem. You would just need to motivate and encourage them in a positi ve way so that they know they can achieve anything that comes up. Organizational metaphors can determine how we think about organizations and affect how we work and make decisions. Morgan (2006) has explored and developed the art of reading organizations and letting us comprehend the conflict and complexity of the organization.If managed in ways that link strategic thinking, active executive search, and careful organizational development, leadership transitions can advance the purposefulness of the organization. Leaders take their roles on boundaries, hence regulating the flow of uncertainty from a fast changing wider environment such that their units have focus and a calmer context within which to do work. We must see that organizations exist in the socioeconomic environment the way fish exist in the ocean, and the way we exist in the physical environment.In knowing the similarities and differences in each metaphor, the manager of the organization will be able to engagement the organism in the area that it is needed the around and also use the machine in the area where it is needed the most. The organism can adapt to different environments and the machine can perform repetitively the same functions. The metaphors are most valuable in the organization once you train and coach ones employees, you will know which metaphor is best used within the organization.

Lady Macbeth Chracter Sketch Essay

Still in her sleep, dame Macbeth asks, what, entrust these hands nere be clean? foreseeing that she will never have peace of mind. She also tells events of the day Duncan was murdered. The doctor tells the gentlewoman that what maam Macbeth needs is spiritual and non physical help. Lady Macbeths condition worsens, and she goes in and out of sleep with crazy visions. Macbeth asks the doctor to cure her or give her a drug that will erase the troubles of the heart. The doctor responds that he cures physical not mental problems.Later, as the battle is going on outside of Dunsinane, Lady Macbeth commits suicide. At the beginning Lady Macbeth finds strength to entice Macbeth to murder Duncan and to follow through with the murder herself. As time goes on, her pretended strength fais as she fights her conscience. Tending to her conscience consumes and enables her to support Macbeth against Malcolm. Lady Macbeths attempts to put down her conscience fails. At the end she chooses death bec ause she can no longer bear the her guilt.

Fuzzy Logic Momentum Analysis System For Financial Brokerage Accounting Essay

Abstr action- The modeling of financial organisations continues to keep great involvement for non lone inquiry workers but besides investors and policymakers. Many of the features of these clays, nevertheless, can non be adequately captured by traditional fiscal modeling attacks. Fiscal systems be composite plant, nonlinear, dynamic ally altering systems in which it is frequently hard to specify mutualist variables and their protects. Financial securities fast(a) is concerned with gravel to deathing holy orders of purchasing and merchandising of certain sums of portions at the best possible fiscal apprize. Many mathematical and algorithmic systems clear been developed for this undertaking, nevertheless they can non look to get the better of a criterion volume standd system. This root proposes a new model for noble oftenness trading utilizing an intelligent fuzzy logic based beat analysis system. The system was app finessed to securities warm of fiscal stocks, and tested against the criterion volume based securities firm system. The Fuzzy Logic impetus Analysis System has proven to surpass the traditional and mensuration systems that are dod in the industry.Keywords Finacial securities firm blurry logic high frequence trading.IntroductionIt is good spotn that a chief insufficiency of ofttimes economic theory is that it postulates exact functional relationships between variables. On the other manus in fiscal clip series analysis, information points seldom lie precisely on consecutive lines or smooth maps. 7 suggests that trying to suit these nonlinear phenomena will present an unacceptable degree of instability in theoretical accounts.As a consequence of this intractableness, research workers and investors are turning to unreal intelligence operation techniques to better inform their theoretical accounts, making determination fall in a bun in the oven systems that can assist a human user better understand complex fiscal systems such as stock marts. Artificial intelligence systems in portfolio choice have been shown to hold a public presentation border over the human portfolio director and recent research suggests that attacks that incorporate unreal intelligence techniques are besides likely to surpass classical fiscal theoretical accounts 4 .Artificial intelligence attacks have late been normally adopted in fiscal modeling. Traditionally, stock market calculating methodological analysiss have been based on either cardinal grosbeak or proficient analysis. Cardinal analysis efforts to scratch the intrinsic value of stocks based on ext polish offed macroeconomic informations, whereas proficient analysis relies on analyzing market activity, peculiarly historic monetary value and volume. Whilst on that point is much back uping research for twain schemes in fiscal theory we focus on systems utilizing proficient methodological analysis as the subjective and complex nature of cardinal analysis esteems it has, to day of the month, received small attending in unreal intelligence research.Fuzzy logic was foremost introduced by 6 . It is a signifier of multivalent logic which, whilst retaining the deductive construction of classical symbolic logic, includes the construct of grade of truth. Rather than being either square or false, as in binary logic, statements in fuzzed logic have a rank map which defines a fuzzy set ( as opposed to a chip set in conventional set theory ) . Fuzzy logic is hence an ideal attack to jobs that require a representation that can cover with estimates, uncertainness and deficient information and it has been applied to spheres every bit diverse as pattern acknowledgment 10 , railway system control systems 2 and computing machine game design 11 . The regularization base and illation engine of a fuzzed system is comparable to that of the cognition base of an expert system. The application of fuzzed set theory in economic science was foremost presented by 12 and has since received much attending 3 Time series theoretical accounts were foremost combined with fuzzed theory by 5 giving rise to fuzzy time-series, the cardinal model of all the investing systems. Research workers making stock trading systems have implemented many fluctuations of this theoretical account. Most late, 1 has proposed the usage of adaptive Neuro Fuzzy Inference Systems ( ANFIS ) , which combine the prognostic belongingss of nervous webs, with the concluding mechanisms of fuzzed logic to make an machine-controlled trading and prediction system that has been used for high frequence trading of foreign exchange currencies markets ( FOREX ) .This make-up is outlined as follows. In subdivision II we give a general overview about fuzzed logic illation systems. Section III introduces the fuzzed logic impulse analysis system ( FL-MAS ) . Section IV explains the methodological analysis of utilizing FL-MAS for securities firm. Section V provides a public prese ntation analysis of the system. Finally, reasoning comments are given in Section VI.Fuzzy illation SystemsMany cases of fuzzed illation systems have been proposed in literature, nevertheless, in the execution of an ANFIS for fiscal anticipations and appraisal, the most suited theoretical account is the Sugeno theoretical account, which uses if-then-rules to bring forth an end product for each regulation which is the additive combination of the input variables plus a changeless term, and the concluding end product is the leaden norm of each regulation s end product. The regulation base in the Sugeno Model, has regulations of the signifierIf X is A1 and Y is B1 so f1 = p1* x + q1* y + r1If X is A2 and Y is B2 so f2 = p2 * x + q2 * y + r2( 1 ) where X & A Y are predefined rank maps, Ai and Bi are rank values, and pi, chi, and Rhode Island are the attendant parametric quantities that are updated in the prior base on balls in the acquisition algorithm. When we calculate the equation of First order Sugeno the grade of rank variable of X1 in rank map of Ai is multiplied by the grade of rank variable of X2 in rank map Bi and the merchandise is deemed a first Liner Regression system of weights ( Wi ) . Finally the leaden think of F1 and F2 is deemed the concluding end product ( Z ) which is calculated as followsA fuzzed illation systems shown in Fig. 1 is a regulation based fuzzy system that can be seen as an associatory memory and is made of five constituents regulation base which consists of the fuzzed if-then regulations, the informations base which defines rank maps of the fuzzed sets used in the fuzzy regulations, the determination devising unit which is the nucleus unit and is besides known as the illation engine, the fuzzification embrasure which transforms chip inputs into grades of fiting lingual values, and eventually the defuzzification interface which transforms fuzzed consequences into sharp end product 13 .Fuzzy Logic Momentum Analysis System qu alification a fuzzed illation system to observe impulse is a complex undertaking. The designation of interact market conditions has been a subject topic to various theories 14 and suggestions. This paper proposes a fuzzed illation system which categorises the market conditions into 7 classs based on monetary value motion, and will utilize the up-to-the-minute volume to check the engagement rates ( PR ) of the trading system each clip.Fuzzy InferenceMomentum AnalysisThe first measure in planing the Fuzzy Logic Momentum Analysis System, FL-MAS, is specifying the market conditions that the fuzzy system has to place. In this paper we use the following 7 market conditions to cover all possible motions of the monetary value seriesBeat upingStrong upSlightly up modal(a)Slightly downStrong downCrashingThese conditions are considered as lingual values for the fuzzy logic system, and will be used to find the current province of the monetary value formation and its impulse. As impulse is built up, the system looks at the old x sum of ticks and performs an illation process by adding all the motions of the current monetary value to the old monetary value to find whether the general tendency has been up or down after ten points. In other words, impulse is sight by the followerswhere is the current monetary value, is the old monetary value, and is a fluctuating counter which goes up or down harmonizing to the motion of the monetary value. whenever monetary value goes up it adds 1, when the monetary value goes down it subtracts 1, therefore this can be used in placing market conditions for x sum of points, where if the market is traveling warmly upwards, it will be detected by holding more 1s than -1 or 0s. This can be explained in the undermentioned equation( 2 )where is the period that we involve to observe the impulse for. For illustration, if we want to observe the impulse of the last 100 ticks, we add all the up, down fluctuations and so feed the ensuing figure to the fuzzy system which would lie someplace in the rank maps shown in Fig. 2.Membership maps for the lingual variable of market conditionsThe same process is applied for ciphering the lingual variable irritability, where the lingual values are as followsVery fastFastMediumDecelerateVery slowThe fuzzy logic system takes some(prenominal) market impulse and volatility in consideration it generates the regulations, and eventually takes a determination based upon the sum of market engagement.The DataExperiments in this paper have been carried out on high frequence tick-data of both Vodafone Group plc ( VOD ) and Nokia Corporation ( NOK ) . For both stocks, 2 months of high frequence tick-data between 2nd Jan 2009 and 27th Feb 2009 has been obtained, and split into 30 subdivisions each. This was done in order to avoid any car correlativity between the monetary values. In other words, the fuzzy logic system gets the first batch of informations, performs all the actions of bargains or sells on it, so the same is process repeated utilizing the criterion volume based system, eventually comparing the public presentation of both systems. Once the ceremony is obtained, the system skips about 10000 ticks and performs the same operations once more, for 30 times, each clip observing the public presentation of both systems. It has to be mentioned that 2 months of high frequence tick informations is a significantly big sum of informations, taking in consideration that for each loop the system takes the analysis of the impulse of the past 100 ticks. Fig. 3 shows how the information is split after each simulation in order to avoid any possible similarities or autocorrelation in the monetary value.FL-MAS for securities firmtick informationsdiscardedtick informationsHigh frequence tick by tick informationsSim 1Sim 2Sim NThe chief set out of the Fuzzy Logic Momentum Analysis System ( FL-MAS ) implemented in this paper is to surpass the industry criterion volume system, that has been used by securities firm houses to put to death big orders of purchasing or sell a certain stock. Many systems have used quantum modeling and analysis to find the assorted engagement rates ( PR ) , nevertheless they normally fail to surpass the criterion volume system in the long term 15 . This paper uses FL-MAS presented in subdivision 3, to find the PR in the market harmonizing to the current impulse. In other words, if we are on a bargain order, we would prefer to cast up the PR ( figure of portions bought at that clip ) , when the monetary value is low, and diminish the engagement when the monetary value is high.Tick informations splitting mechanismStandard Volume System ( SVS )A type securities firm mechanism for put to deathing big orders is a simple volume based system, which parses the volume being traded, whenever a certain sum of portions ( a threshold ) have been traded, the system would purchase or sell ( depending on the order ) a certain per centum of th at. In other words, if there is an order to merchandise 1 million portions of a certain stock. The threshold would be for e.g. 10,000 portions, and whenever 10,000 portions have been traded, if the PR is set to 25 % , the system would purchase or sell 25 % of the mean volume.( 3 )where N is the figure of operations required to make the mark order for illustration 1 million portions, % is a fixed PR, for illustration, 25 % whenever the threshold is exceeded. The above system has proved to be efficient and is being adopted by many securities firm houses around the universe. The purpose of this paper, is to turn out that FL-MAS outperforms this type of system on the long tally.FL-MASThe thought here is to utilize the fuzzy logic impulse analysis system described in subdivision 3, to place what market status we are presently shacking in. This will let us to change the PR ( % ) . This provides an advantage, since the system can merchandise sharply when the status is at an extreme. It wou ld besides understate its trading when the status is at another extreme. In other words, if we are selling million portions, the system will do a trade whenever the threshold of volume has been exceeded. However if the current market status indicates that the monetary value is in reality high or beat uping so we know that this is a good clip to sell a batch of portions, for illustration 40 % of the current volume. The same thing applies for when the impulse indicates that the monetary value is strong down which means that the system should sell less sums of volume at this low monetary value, for illustration 15 % . The contrary mechanism applies for purchasing portions. When the market is crashing, this is a good index that we should purchase a big ball of volume ( 40 % ) , and when the monetary value is at an mean point, this means that it would act like the SVS system i.e. purchasing 25 % of Volume. This is shown in Table 1.Engagement rates for buy side and the sell side of FL-MA SMarket Condition buy Praseodymium change PraseodymiumBeat uping10 %40 %Strong up15 %35 %Slightly up20 %30 %Average25 %25 %Slightly down30 %20 %Strong down35 %15 %Crashing40 %10 %Performance MeasuresAfter implementing both SVS and FL-MAS, the standards at which both systems will be compared against each other will be the outperformance of FL-MAS on the SVS in bridgehead points. TheA ground point is a unit of maltreat used frequently to depict the per centum at which a alteration in the value or rate of a fiscal instrument has occurred. One footing point is a1/100th of a per centum orA 0.01 % . It is besides tantamount to 0.0001 in denary signifier.To cipher the betterment ( elf ) for the buy side in footing points we use the undermentioned expressioni?i?iFor the Sell Side the betterment in footing points isi?iiWhere is the entire salute of purchasing x sum of portions utilizing FL-MAS, and is the entire cost of purchasing the same figure of portions utilizing the traditional SVS .ConsequencesThis subdivision displays the consequences of utilizing both FL-MAS and SVS to purchase 1million portions of VOD and NOK. For each symbol 30 simulations have been carried on the tick-data set described in subdivision 3. The information has been split as described in order to avoid any autocorrelations, both systems have been run and tested on the same information sets. Table 2 displays the cost at each simulation for purchasing 1million portions of NOK utilizing both systems. The mean monetary value of the whole set is besides displayed, and eventually the betterment of FL-MAS against SVS is displayed. This betterment rate can be either positive when FL-MAS has outperformed SVS or disconfirming when FL-MAS was outperformed by SVS.Table 3 provides a full analysis of Table 2, by demoing clearly the mean outperformance rate of purchasing 1million portions of NOK utilizing FL-MAS, which turns out to be a positive of 2.98 footing points, which means that on mean utilizing FL-MAS we save about 3 footing points whenever we buy 1 million portion of NOK. Table 3 besides displays the consequences of implementing both systems to purchase 1 million portions of VOD. These consequences for VOD ( besides displayed on Fig.4 ) show a much higher mean of around 12.5 footing points. Experiments have been performed once more by reshuffling the information sets utilizing the informations slots that have non been used before, and the observations were really similar to these consequences. Hence another measuring mechanism was to detect the median value of the consequences. The median is described as the figure dividing the higher half of a sample or distribution from the lower half. Both Medians for NOK, and VOD were positive, bespeaking that on mean FL-MAS outperforms SVS for all the purchasing Simulations.Comparing the public presentation of FL-MAS against SVS for purchasing 1M portions of NOKAverageMonetary valueCost of purchasing1m NOK Sharesutilizing FLMASCost of purchasing1m NOK Sharesutilizing SVSImprovementin footing points11.5511278964112857616.0212.191158164211572708-7.7211.5711904468119105715.1211.121161031211581174-25.1611.4511076799110877599.8811.361145633811452293-3.5311.03113900491140463412.7910.8910947120109562238.3110.45109238701095057624.3910.3110373596103778994.1510.63103548151036794112.6610.781065579510644194-10.9010.701081623610814437-1.6610.45107236271073740912.8410.2410281461102869575.3410.481021444310205979-8.299.671055315510547707-5.179.679581014960219722.069.4097543399740190-14.539.229521736954489524.269.1092826409280416-2.409.389135088914956015.829.279434147945758724.789.429262702927223610.289.7794391049430047-9.609.8798078179799844-8.149.49988088198854214.599.5895852079580119-5.319.48961977896242634.669.4095567809555829-1.009.67935044493594249.599.9897248349707290-18.079.9498695809869177-0.41Analysis of consequences of purchasing 1m portions of NOK and VODMean ( elf )Median ( elf )Entire ( elf )Buying NOK2.984.6310 1.18Buying VOD12.481.58374.53Besides the entire betterment of both is really high indicating that for both the 30 simulations, a 101.18 footing points was saved utilizing FL-MAS on NOK, and a 374.53 on VOD.Buying 1m portions of VODSimilarly, the sell side is displayed in Table 4, and analysed in Table 5. Similar to the bargain side, all simulations and experiments utilizing FL-MAS and SVS, have displayed that on mean FL-MAS has proved to be the better system, and therefore would increase the profitableness of a fiscal securities firm house that executes multiple big orders. Fig. 5 displays the merchandising of 1m portions of VOD.Comparing the public presentation of FL-MAS against SVS for selling 1M portions of VODAverageMonetary valueCost of selling1m VOD Sharesutilizing FLMASCost of selling1m VODShares utilizing SVSImprovementin footing points139.751383798311383041375.47142.1014188057914146627629.20147.30145752861145974583-15.21145.70147127925147242618-7.80144.50145284236145840646- 38.30148.30141887321141926909-2.79138.301385930221385407893.77137.601381593711381195422.88138.451371926351371525122.92138.80136243869137297036-77.30138.70138854269138889050-2.50135.9513481889413462257114.56133.8513555106613519849826.01136.50133744440133824812-6.01135.551364504081363842804.85139.501363818241362484489.78138.3013836438213821726210.63136.85136263730136277519-1.01134.201338946011338557382.90134.56133894289132534941101.52127.1012947700712912959326.83128.90127159502127174918-1.21130.851298893731298218465.20135.5013020379313001998114.12136.851354686291354419561.97136.451366227021365952892.01138.05136719313136746751-2.01136.65134943043135082269-10.32132.15133857223134159108-22.55Analysis of consequences of Selling 1m portions of NOK and VODMean ( elf )Median ( elf )Entire ( elf )Selling NOK1.68122.929157.16Selling VOD2.732.4681.83Selling 1m portions of VODDecisionThe job of order executing is a really complicated one. To be able to supply the best monetary value, an executin g system has to dynamically alter the engagement rates at each case in order to provide for monetary value alterations, which are driven by impulse and volatility. This paper has introduced a system that makes usage of fuzzed logic, in order to ground out the current market status which is produced by the accrual of impulse. FL-MAS is a fuzzed logic impulse analysis system that outperforms the traditional systems used in industry which are frequently based on put to deathing orders based on the leaden norm of the current volume. Consequences of the enforced system have been displayed and compared against the traditional system. The system proves that on norm it increases profitableness on orders both on the bargain and sell sides. Further work and research has to be done to optimize the public presentation of the system. This could either include the usage of a familial algorithm to optimize the rank maps or the usage of Adaptive Neuro Fuzzy systems which would bring forth all the possible regulations for the system.

Flood Monitoring System

Sensors 2012, 12, 4213-4236 doi10. 3390/s120404213 OPEN ACCESS demodulators ISSN 1424-8220 www. mdpi. com/journal/sensors Article A Real-Time Measurement System for Long-Life Flood Monitoring and ensample Applications Rafael Marin-Perez 1, , Javier Garc? a-Pintado 2,3 and Antonio Skarmeta G? mez 1 ? o 1 Department of Information and Communication Engineering, University of Murcia, Campus de Espinardo, E-30100, Murcia, Spain E-Mail email hold deared es 2 Euromediterranean Water Institute, Campus de Espinardo, E-30100, Murcia, Spain E-Mail emailprotected om 3 National tenderness for Earth Observation, University of Reading, Harry Pitt Building, 3 Earley Gate, Whiteknights, Reading RG6 6AL, UK Author to whom correspondence should be addressed E-Mail emailprotected es. Received 7 February 2012 in revised form 14 March 2012 / Accepted 22 March 2012 / Published 28 March 2012 Abstract A ? ood ideal dodge incorporates telemetered rainfall and ? ow/ pissing take data measured at vario us locations in the catchment area. Real-time accurate data collection is required for this persona, and sensor networks improve the agreement capabilities.However, existent sensor nodes struggle to satisfy the hydrological requirements in terms of autonomy, sensor hardware compatibility, reliability and long-range dialogue. We describe the design and development of a real-time measurement system for ? ood supervise, and its deployment in a ? ash-? ood prone 650 km2 semiarid washbowl in Southern Spain. A developed low-power and long-range communication device, so-called DatalogV1, provides autoloading(prenominal) data meeting straddle and reliable contagion. DatalogV1 incorporates self-monitor for adapting measurement schedules for consumption management and to capture events of interest.Two tests are used to assess the success of the development. The results show an autonomous and robust supervise system for long-run collection of water level data in m either sparse locat ions during ? ood events. Keywords real-time data acquisition sensor network hydrological monitoring ? ood warning system Sensors 2012, 12 1. Introduction 4214 A warmer climate, with its increased climate variability, will increase the risk of both ? oods and droughts 1, whose management and mitigation are important to protect property, life, and natural environment. Real-time accurate monitoring of hydrologic variables is central for ? od calculate, as well as for optimizing related warning systems for damage mitigation. Recent studies show that in the speci? c case of semiarid and arid areas, adequate deployment of monitoring networks is essential to a real understanding of the underlying processes genemilitary rating run-off in storm events, and to achieve efficient emergency systems (e. g. , 2). Traditionally, researchers have directly collected data at the places of interest. This has now been commonly substituted by automatic sensor and datalogger systems, which provide hi gh temporal data resolution, while reducing operational human resource requirements.Dataloggers permit local automatic and unattended data gathering, and reduce environmental perturbation. However, data retrieval from well-worn dataloggers and terminus in processing and supremacy/warning centers still has to be done either manually, which prevents its applicability in ? ood warning systems, or with fit connections, which leads to substantial investments and operational costs. To confront these problems, sensor network technology has been proposed in many monitoring applications 3. Yet, speci? c literature on sensor network for ? ood forecasting is sparse, with only a few examples procurable (e. . , 48). Basically, a sensor network comprises a isthmus of nodes, where each node embroils a processor, a radio radio set module, a power supply, and is equipped with sensor hardware to capture environmental data. Each node performs the tasks of data gathering, physical parameter p rocessing, and wireless data transmission to the control server. Speci? cally, for hydrologic applications, sensor nodes must also ful? ll a number of additional requirements Power lifetime Power sources are often not available at the locations of hydrological interest.Moreover, these locations are usually unprotected, and if renewable energy devices are used, on that point are prone to vandalism or theft. Thus, sensor nodes must have low-consumption, which along with existing standard batteries, should last at least one hydrologic cycle. Sensor hardware compatibility Most hydrologic sensor nodes include a datalogger device connected through a cable to one or more measurement instruments. The datalogger must provide multiple wired user interfaces to be able to communicate with a range of speci? c sensor hardware interfaces.This also involves issues of power supply, and selective time for power dispatching, which leads to optimal power management and facilitates the expansion of connected instruments. Reliability Harsh run conditions may cause failures in the wireless communication over the monitoring network. Backup weapons in local sensor dataloggers must be used to distract information losses in unexpected crashes. Long-range communication Hydrologic measurement locations are commonly sparse over large areas, and far away from the control center (i. e. , tens or hundreds of kilometers).Sensor nodes must have a peer-to-peer connection with the control center. Sensors 2012, 12 4215 In general, these, sometimes opposing, requirements are dif? cult to be satis? ed by existing developed solutions. For example, multiple sensor readings and long-range communication are high power-consumption tasks, which diminish battery lifetime. For instance, many existing wireless solutions for agriculture applications (e. g. , 911) use a set of tens or hundreds of motes, which collaborate to gather dense data in a small area. Motes have low consumption, but they provid e express mail sensor interfaces, and short-range communication.On the other hand, several hydrologic and meteorologic applications have been implemented with a few wireless datalogger stations, which individually obtain multi-sensor data in a few sparse locations over a large area (e. g. , 5,1214). These dataloggers permit high computing and long-range communication. However, they have an excessive investment cost and a high consumption that may be, in the long-term, unsustainable. This paper describes the design, development, and deployment of a real-time monitoring system for hydrological applications.The paper is focused on the description in degree of our wireless datalogger device, so-called DatalogV1 15, which combines the low consumption of motes and the reliable communication of nigh powerful multi-sensor datalogger stations in order to satisfy the requirements of ? ood warning system scenarios. The DatalogV1 provides automatic monitoring and long-term autonomy in sparse points over large areas. To demonstrate the goodness of the DatalogV1 design, we deployed a monitoring network in the Rambla del Albuj? n watershed, in Southern Spain. The severity of ? ash ? ods in the Rambla del o Albuj? n has caused important environmental and economic damages over the last years. Accordingly, the o wireless monitoring network is intended to provide real-time accurate hydrologic information to support an operational model-based ? ood warning system. This is an excellent test to asses the DatalogV1 performance and success in a real case scenario. The remainder of the paper is organized as follows. Section 2 introduces the context of environmental monitoring and ? ood warning systems. Section 3 depicts our hydrologic monitoring scenario.Section 4 presents the design of DatalogV1 hardware. Section 5 shows the implementation of DatalogV1 software. Section 6 describes the architecture developed for remote hydrologic monitoring. Section 7 describes the deployment of t he monitoring network in the Rambla del Albuj? n watershed. Section 8 shows the results o obtained regarding power consumption and data collection. Section 9 provides concluding remarks. 2. Environmental Monitoring Environmental monitoring is the close popular application for sensor networks. At present, sensor networks have been applied for a number of applications as, e. . , soil moisture monitoring 16, solar radiation use 17, aquatic monitoring 18, glacial control and climate change 19, forest ? re alarm 20, landscape ? ooding alarm 21, and forecasting in rivers 22. The ability to place autonomous and low cost nodes in large harsh environments without communication al-Qaida enables accurate data collection directly observed from interest areas. With sensor networks, environmental data bunghole be observed and collected in real-time, and used for forecasting upcoming phenomena and sending prompt warnings if required.Sensors 2012, 12 2. 1. Model-Based Flood monition System Con text 4216 The developed sensor network was incorporated inside the context of a model-based ? ood warning system in the Rambla del Albuj? n watershed. A model-based ? ood warning system, for mitigating the o effects of ? ooding on life and property, incorporates a catchment model based on observed/forecasted rainfall and telemetered posters of hydrologic state variables at various locations at bottom the catchment area. Generally, observed variables are ? ow and/or water level in channels.Also, other variables such as soil moisture and piezometric levels may be of interest, depending on the watershed response. Real-time updating of the ? ood forecasting involves the continual adaptation of the model state variables, outputs and parameters, so that the forecasts for various times into the future are based on the a la mode(p) available information and are optimized, in some sense, to minimize the forecasting errors (e. g. , 23). This is the process of data engrossment. Implementati on of environmental sensor networks for data assimilation within model-based ? ood warning systems involves complex engineering and system challenges.These systems must withstand the event of interest in real-time, remain functional over long time periods when no events occur, cover large geographical regions of interest to the event, and support the variety of sensor types needed to detect the phenomenon 8. 3. Hydrological Monitoring and Forecasting in the Rambla del Albuj? n Watershed o The Rambla del Albuj? n watershed (650 km2 ) is the main drainage catchment in the Campo de o Cartagena basin, in Southern Spain (see token 1). The main channel in the watershed is 40 km long and ? ows into the Mar Menor one of the big coastal lagoons in the Mediterranean (135 km2 ).The Campo de Cartagena basin is an area with semiarid Mediterranean climate, where the average temperature ranges from 14 o C to 17 o C, mean potential evapotranspiration is 890 mm yr1 and mean precipitation is 350 mm yr1 . Most rainfall comes in short-time storm events, and the watershed hydrologic response is highly complex and non-uniform. Previous studies have shown the complex ? ash-? ood response of the Rambla del Albuj? n watershed o and the importance of spatially distributed observation for adequate forecasting (e. g. , 2). Also, for ? ooding evaluations, stage work outs provide an advantage over ? w gauges that the observations remain unbiased when ? ow goes out of banks, in which case the validness of calibrated rating curves (stage-? ow relationships) is prevented. In this sense, remotely-sensed information (from aerial photography and/or satellites) is appealing as it contains much more spatial information than typical stage gauge networks in operational watersheds. Accordingly, recent studies are evaluating the potential of aerial photography and remotely sensed (from satellites) synthetic aperture radar to provide measurements over large areas of water levels and ? od extents in l akes and rivers (e. g. , TerraSAR-X or COSMO-Skymed constellations 24). However, the legitimate low temporal frequency of satellite acquisitions relative to gauging station sampling indicates that remote sensing still does not play a viable replacement strategy for data assimilation into model-based forecasts 25. Also, before the ? ow goes out of banks, the accuracy of standard stage gauges is higher than that provided by airborne information, which is key for early warnings.Thus, if economically viable, a spatially distributed network of stage gauges remains the best option to capture the observations required to feed the forecasting and data assimilation processes. Sensors 2012, 12 4217 At the Rambla del Albuj? n watershed, we implemented a hydrological monitoring system consisting o on a network of stage gauges located at eightsome critical junction points between major tributaries. The monitoring locations were carefully chosen in order to achieve effective water level monito ring during ? ood events and a reliable model-based forecasting system.Figure 1 shows the selected locations which are far away (? 50 km) from the control center at the University of Murcia, to the North of the watershed. In this area, an existing phone infrastructure enables the communication among the server in the control center and the DatalogV1s in the ? eld. The DatalogV1s must be autonomous only with batteries, because no power source exists in the monitoring area and solar panels are frequently stolen or vandalized. In the following sections, we describe the design and development of the DatalogV1 to provide remote data gathering of the water stage in channels during ? ods. Figure 1. Deployment scenario. The embedded image shows the location of the Rambla del Albuj? n watershed at the Southeast of the Iberian Peninsula. The violet line describes the o watershed boundary drawn on a digital terrain model (DTM). Within the watershed, the main channel network is shown in blue, a nd labeled squares indicate deployed gauge locations. Sensors 2012, 12 4. Design of DatalogV1 Hardware 4218 The DatalogV1s design was developed to address the requirements of the describe application. The block diagram of DatalogV1 is illustrated in Figure 2(a).The critical components are a low-power microcontroller (C) module that supervises the DatalogV1s operation, multiple sensor interfaces (Pulse, SDI-12, RS-485, analogue) that enable to take measurements from different kinds of sensor devices, and a GPRS module for long-distance communication with the control center. Moreover, two communication modules (USB and Bluetooth) enable the in-situ interactions via a laptop. All electronic components and a battery are mounted in an IP65 waterproof box to protect from harsh hold out conditions, as shown by Figure 2(b).The DatalogV1s design is balanced between low-power consumption for long-lifetime, and computational capability for multi-sensor reading and long-range communication. Th e hardware design of these components is described in the next subsections. Figure 2. Two different views of the DatalogV1. (a) Block diagram showing the main components. (b) The electronic components and the battery are mounted on a IP65 protection box. SDI-12 Interface RS-485 Interface Pulse Counters Analog Inputs Power connexion DC/DC Converter GPRS Module Linear Regulator Battery connecter Linear RegulatorMosfet Switch C DC/DC Converter Pulse Counters Bluetooth Module RS-485 Interface USB Module Battery Connector Power Connector Analogic Inputs SDI-12 Connector GPRS Module Bluetooth Module USB Module C (a) (b) 4. 1. Design of Microcontroller Module The circuit schematic of the microcontroller module is shown in Figure 3. The central part of the schematic represents the low-power 8-bits microcontroller (PIC18LF8722) fabricate by Microchip. The PIC18F8722 operating to 3. 3 V is ideal for low power applications ( nanoWatts) with 120 nW sleep mode and 25 W active mode.It provide s high processing speed (40 MHz) with a large 256 KB RAM memory. A 12 MB data? ash memory is included for local storage of sensor data. The top-left portion of the schematic (IC3) shows a security mechanism to avoid microcontroller blockage in case that available energy is not enough. Thus the microcontroller resets when there is less than 2. 4 V. The center-left part of the schematic contains the crystal oscillator setting to 11 MHz. (OSC1/OSC2 tags). The oscillator provides a precise clock signal to stabilize frequencies for sensor readings and data transmissions. Sensors 2012, 12 Figure 3.Circuit schematic of the microcontroller module. The center portion is the microcontroller used to control DatalogV1 operation, and the center-left is the crystal oscillator used for setting the clock. 4219 4. 2. Design of Sensor Interfaces DatalogV1 provides multi-sensor interfaces to take readings from a wide set of hydrologic instruments. Its sensor interfaces are two pulse counters, two digi tal connectors (RS-485 and SDI-12), and eight analog inputs. Each pulse counter reads from a tipping-bucket rain gauge (pluviometer) which generates a discrete electricalal signal for every amount of accumulated rainfall.Digital interfaces supply power to and read measurements from instruments, which can themselves include some degree of computational capability. Analog connectors enable the reading of simple instruments which modify the supplying emfs to return voltage values proportional to the physical observed variables. These multiple interfaces are compatible with the most of hydrological sensor devices in the market. Pulse-counters typically connect to rain-gauge devices. The standard rain gauge collects the precipitation into a small container. Every time the container is ? led and emptied, it generates a electric pulse. According to the number of pulses and the size of the container, DatalogV1 estimates the precipitation without requiring power supply. Sensors 2012, 12 42 20 For each digital interface, DatalogV1 can supply and read multiple sensors. Both RS-485 and SDI-12 interfaces consist of 3 electronic wires for data, free-base and supplying voltage. The RS-485 is a standard serial communication for long distance and noisy environments. In addition, the SDI-12 is a serial data interface at 1,200 baud designed for low-power sensors.Using serial protocols, DatalogV1 can directly obtain the physical measurements. The analog inputs allow to read 8 differential sensors, 16 single-ended sensors, or a combination of both options. A differential connection comprises four electronic wires acting as voltage-supplier, ground, positive-voltage, and negative-voltage, while a single-end connection contains two electronic wires for supplying-voltage and positive-voltage. The main difference between differential and single-ended is the way to obtain the voltage value. In single-ended, the voltage value is the difference between the positive voltage and the gro und at 0 V.However, single-ended connections are sensitive to electrical noise errors, which are solved by differential connections. Because twisting wires together will ensure that any noise picked up will be the same for each wire, the voltage value in differential inputs is the difference between the positive and negative voltages. Figure 4. Circuit schematic of analog interfaces. (a) Selector of analog connections to plugged-in sensors, (b) ADC convertor from output voltage to digital data. (a) (b) To obtain the measurements of the physical variables, output voltages are processed victimization three main hardware components multiplexer, ampli? r, and ADC converter. Two multiplexers MC74HC4051D from Motorola company enable to select the output voltage of a speci? c analog sensor (Figure 4(a)). Each multiplexer contains 3 control pins CA0, CA1, and CA2 to choose an output voltage among 16 possibilities. The selected output voltage is ampli? ed for preserving high effective resol ution. DatalogV1 uses an AD8622 ampli? er, manufactured by Analog Devices, that provides high current precision, low noise, and low power operation. The pre-con? gured ampli? cation depends on the output range Sensors 2012, 12 4221 of the selected sensor.Finally, the ampli? ed output signal is converted to a digital value through an Analog-Digital Converter (ADC), as shown by Figure 4(b). DatalogV1 contains a 13-bit ADC MCP3302, manufactured by Microchip, that provides high precision and resolution. This ? exible design provides full compatibility with presumably all kind of available sensors for hydrologic use. 4. 3. Design of GPRS Communication Module A GPRS module is used to transmit monitoring data from DatalogV1 to the control center. Figure 5 shows the GPRS module implementing all functions for wireless communications. Figure 5.Circuit schematic of the GPRS module. The center portion is the GPRS module used to control the long-distance communication, and the top-left portion i s the SIM card connection. The top-left part of the circuit shows the connection of SIM phone-cards according to the maker speci? cation. The bottom-left shows a uFL coaxial connector to the wireless antenna. We chose a Wavecom Q2686 chip, which is connected to the microcontroller via an USART interface (CS-USART). The Wavecom Q2686 contains a programmable 256 KB SRAM memory and includes a ARM9 32-bit processor at 104 MHz.This Q2686 chip makes mathematical to join a GSM/GPRS base-station and receive/send data reliably in quad-band communications on the 800, 900, 1,800 and 1,900 MHz Sensors 2012, 12 4222 bands. Also, the chip makes it easy to upgrade to 3G when needed. This GPRS module enables long-distance UDP/IP communications through cellular radio networks. 4. 4. Design of Power Module The power module consists of two power sources and three regulable mechanism to provide a secure supply of electronics components. The main energy source is a 12 V DC battery of 7,000 mAh power c apacity which can be rechargeable using an optional solar panel.To adapt the input tension of the solar panel (1720 V) to a lower tension (1215 V) to supply the battery, we use a commutated DC/DC regulator in step-down mode, as shown by Figure 6(a). The microcontroller turns on the DC/DC regulator when it detects that the battery has a low level according to a pre-established threshold. Three circuits guarantee invariable energy levels for battery, solar-panel, and sensors, as shown by Figure 6(b). The circuits of battery and solar-panel include security mechanisms to avoid a too low power level input to the sensors.For this, the circuit of sensors is used, before readings are taken, to check if the power supply is stable as to obtain an accurate measurement. Figure 6. Circuit schematic of the battery, solar-panel, and power-control modules. (a) Battery and solar modules, (b) secure power control for battery, solar panel, and sensor. (a) (b) Figure 7. Circuit schematic of the powe r supply module. (a) Power supply for GPRS, sensors, and ADC converter, (b) power supply for microcontroller. (a) (b) To reduce the power consumption, DatalogV1 keeps almost all electrical components deactivated, such as GPRS, sensors, and ADC.Only the microcontroller circuit is constantly supplied at 3. 3 V Sensors 2012, 12 4223 (Figure 7(a)) through a linear regulator LM2936 from National Semiconductor with ultra-low current in the stand-by mode. This LM2936 regulator features low drop-out voltage (50 mA) to minimize power losses. Also, this circuit includes a diode (D10) to provide a security power to protect the microcontroller and all board at most 5 V. When it is necessary, the microcontroller supplies independently the electrical components using two DC/DC converters, two linear regulators and a MOSFET switch (Figure 7(b)).Concretely to supply sensors, a DC/DC converter and the MOSFET switch is combined to create a adjustable commutation cell. The design of the commutation c ell includes high-power isolated chips in order to reduce interferences. At the same time, it has a good linearity and load regulation characteristics, and allows to establish the voltage supply between 3 V and 10 V. The chosen MOSFET is a FDC6330L, manufactured by Fairchild Semiconductor, which provides high performance for extremely low on-resistance (

Management: Questions and Answers for Midterm Examination

Identify and describe the three levels of the organizational hierarchy. Which types of Information agreements parcel out each level? Answer The three levels of the organizational hierarchy Senior Managers Middle Managers Operational Managers Types of Information systems serve each level Operational-level systems support operational mangers, keeping get through of the elementary activities and transactions.Management-level systems serve the monitoring, controlling, decision-making, and administrative activities of middle managers. Strategic-level systems help senior management tackle and address strategic issues. 2- List and briefly describe the major(ip) types of system in organization? Answer Transaction Processing trunks (TIPS) are the basic business systems that serve the operational level of the organization. And it is overly a computerized system that performs and records the cursory routine transactions necessary to conduct business.Management Information Systems (MIS) se rve the management level of the organization, providing managers with reports and often-online access to the organizations current performance and historical records and primarily serve the functions of planning, controlling, and decision-making. Decision-support System (ADS) also serve the management level or the organization. ADS help mangers make decisions that are unique, rapidly changing, and not easily specified in advance.MIS differ from SEES MIS serve at management level and SEES serve at strategic level. 5- What are the characteristics for ADS? How do they differ from those of SEES? Answer Characteristics for ADS (Inputs transaction level info Processing interactional Outputs Decision analysis Users Professional and staff ADS differ from SEES ADS revere at management level and SEES serve at strategic level and its characteristics are Inputs sum of money data Outputs projections Users senior managers. Describe the relationship between TIPS, MIS, and SEES. The relationshi p between TIPS, MIS, and SEES TIPS are typically a major source of data for other systems, data also be exchanged to MIS to produce reports, whereas SEES are primarily a recipient of date from lower-level systems. 7- List and describe the information systems serving each of the major serviceable areas of a business. Answer Sale and Marketing Systems SystemDescription Organizational Level Order processing Enter, process, and track orders Operational Pricing analysis Determine prices for products and operate Management Sale and forecasting Prepare 5 years sales forecasts Strategic Manufacturing and Production Systems Machine control Control the actions of machines and equipment Production planning Facilities stance Decide where to locate new production facilities. Finance & Accounting Systems Account Receivable Tracks money owed the firm Budgeting Prepares short-term budgets Profit planning Plans long-term simoleons Human Resource SystemsTraining and Development Tracks employee tr aining, skills, and performance appraisals Operational Compensation analysis Monitors the rang and distribution of employee wages, salaries, and benefits Human Resource planning Plans the long-term labor force necessitate of the organization 8- What is a business process? Give two examples of processes for functional areas of the business and one example of a cross functional process. Answer stemma process refer to sets of logically related activities for accomplishing a specific business result, and also refer to the unique ways in which organization and management ordinate these activities.Example for functional area of business process (Finance and Accounting paying imputeors, creating financial statements and managing cash accounts) (Human Resources hiring employees, evaluating employees Job performance and enrolling employees in benefits plans) Example of a cross functional process Order fulfillment process (Sales Department Generate order and submit order Accounting Depart ment Check credit and approve credit and then Manufacturing & Production department Assemble product and ship product, and finally Accounting Department Generate invoice). Why are enterprise applications for organization-wide process integration? Answer Organizations are trying to integrate their business processes because they want to enhance the performance of the organizations as a whole. The system takes advantage of corporate intranets and web technologies that alter the efficient transfer of information within the firm and to partner firms. And these systems are inherently cross-level, cross-functional, and business process oriented. The four key enterprise applications Enterprise Systems, go forth Chain Management Systems,Customer Relationship Management Systems, and Knowledge Management Systems. 10- What are enterprise systems? How do they change the way an organization work? Enterprise Systems, also known as enterprise resource planning systems, provide a single informati on system for organization-wide coordination and integration of key business processes. Information that was previously fragmented in different systems can seamlessly flow throughout the firm so that it can be shared by business processes in manufacturing, accounting, humans resources, and other areas.

Physiological Disorders Essay

In this assignment I leave behind be looking at the nature of both named physiological disorders. I go out explain its sign and symptoms and access possible rockyies involved in the diagnosis of the disorders from their signs and symptoms. The two physiological disorders ar coronary smell disease and bosom suffercer. coronary perfume disease Coronary perfume disease is the build-up of plaque such as cholesterin and another(prenominal) fatty substances within the coronary arteries create a reduced or no supply of oxygen to the lovingness. The process of plaque lining the coronary arteries is called arteriosclerosis. Coronary tinder disease sess be vitrined and triggered by many different factors. These include Smoking lifetime smoking roughly doubles your assay of developing center of attention disease because the chemicals in tobacco digest into the bloodstream from the lungs and they dam period the blood vessels and other parts of the body.It is one of the leadi ng causes of cardiovascular disease High blood bosom the blood pressure house become dangerous the higher it gets. An increased of blood pressure is an increase of the force of blood against the walls of the arteries and the higher the blood pressure the higher the similarlihood the walls of the arteries back become dishonored. This can lead to stiffness of the arteries making them less flexible which can lead to the build-up of cholesterol, even after being used on cells the bargon gets deposited inside the artery wall lining which can lead to atherosclerosis and this can occur from unhealthy diet intake.Your blood pressure and cholesterol take are excessively important. All people aged over 40 should have a cardiovascular health put on the line assessment normally getable at your GP surgery. If you have a high risk of developing cardiovascular disease, interposition to reduce high blood pressure (hypertension) and/or cholesterol may be advised. Physical activity like e xercising helps reduce blood pressure and the likelihood of obesity Diabetes, people with diabetes have the same risk of developing heart disease as a person who has had a heart fill out but who doesnt have diabetes obesity, obese individuals are more than(prenominal) likely to have high blood pressure, diabetes and high blood fats. If your blood vessel are narrow due to a build-up of atheroma or if the symptoms of coronary heart disease cannot be controlled using medication, surgery may be needed to open up or replace the blocked arteries in severe cases heart transplants may even be needed if the heart is too damaged to function after a seriousbuild-up of plaque or after a heart attack.Breast cancer Breast cancer is the serious disorder that is very commonality amongst both men and women in to twenty-four hourss day and age. In the UK about 1 in 8 women develop summit cancer at many stage of their life and also it is the most common frequently investigated cancer in qualit y of life studies. The dumbbells and each other part of our body is do up of millions of individual cells normally they would function to cipher and grow in an orderly way the body has implicated, however in cancer this process goes wrong and dysfunctional cells begin to multiply rapidly and uncontrollably. It has not been proven why exactly the breast cancer is caused however there are many risk factors that are associated with breast cancer which if taken into comity can help reduce the risk of the likelihood of getting breast cancer.Some of the risk factors obesity and alcohol abuse if a woman loses saddle and limits alcohol intake, her risk of developing breast cancer may diminish age, it is most common for women to develop breast cancer at an older age particularly women who have been through menopause and are over the age of 50 and some studies also have shown that diet and vitamins play a social occasion in breast cancer risk the use of antiperspirants containing speci fic chemicals and environmental chemical use are also uncertain risk factors previous breast cancer if you have previously has breast cancer you are at higher risk of obtaining and developing the disease again, this can be either in the same breast or in the other one Alcohol, studies have showed that women who drink alcohol on a daily basis are more likely to develop diseases than those who do not drink at all. If you are concerned about a history of breast cancer in your family you should discriminate GP and they will want to take a family history.Before seeing your GP it is a good idea to try to find out who in your family has been diagnosed with breast cancer at what age they were diagnosed ad their exact blood relationship to you. On the basis of the family history, it is usually possible for your GP to access your risk as either near-normal, moderate or high. If your risk is moderate or high then if you wish you may be referred to be a relate who is specialist for further as sessment and counselling. There are many fragilityments of breast cancer, the seriousness and the type of cancer will result in what type of treatment is chemotherapy. Chemotherapy is given to advanced stage of breast cancer. And it is a nurse role to educate the women receiving chemotherapy about thenames of drugs and they are administered and their side effects. P2- Explain the signs and symptoms related to two named physiological disorders. Coronary heart diseaseThe main symptom of coronary heart disease is angina. Angina is chest irritation that occurs when the blood supply to the muscles of the heart is restricted. It usually happens because the arteries supplying the heart become hardened and narrowed. This can be a mild, uncomfortable contact similar to indigestion. However, a severe angina attack can cause a painful feeling of heaviness or tightness, usually in the centre of the chest which may spread to the arms, neck, jaw, back or stomach. It is often triggered by physi cal activity or stressful situations. Symptoms usually pass in less than 10 legal proceeding and can be alleviate by resting or using a nitrate tablet or spray. If your arteries become completely blocked, it can cause a heart attack. A heart attack can cause severe pain in the centre of your chest, which may feel like very bad digestion or you can have mild pain and feel un hale.Symptoms can happen suddenly but sometimes the pain can develop more slowly. Symptoms include a feeling of heaviness, squeezing or crushing in the centre of your chest, feeling dizzy, feeling breathless and feeling sick or vomiting. The symptoms of a heart attack can be similar to indigestion. A heart attack can happen at any time, including while you are resting and if heart pains last agelong than 15 minutes it may be the start of a heart attack. Unlike angina the symptoms of a heart attack are not usually relieved using a nitrate tablet or spray.Heart failure can also occur in people with coronary hear t disease when the heart becomes weak to pump blood around the body which can cause fluid to build up in the lungs that makes it increasingly difficult to breathe. The most common signs and symptoms of heart failure are shortness of breath or trouble breathing fatigue and swelling in the ankles, feet, legs, stomach and veins in the neck. All of these symptoms are the result of fluid build-up in your body. When symptoms start, you may feel tire and short of breath after routine physical effort like climbing stairs. Breast cancerThe usual first symptom is a painless lump in the breast. Most breast lumps are fluid-filled cysts or fibro adenomas which are benign. Benign neoplasmsare often the complication of fibrocystic hyperplasia and common in young women between 18-25 years and rare after the age of 50. However, you should always see a doctor if a lump develops as the breast lump may be cancerous. Other symptoms which may be noticed in the affected breast include Changes in the size or shape of a breastDimpling or thickening of some of the skin on a part of a breast The nipple becoming inverted (turning in)Rarely a discharger occurring from a nipple (which may be blood-stained) A rare type of breast cancer, causing a rash around the nipple, which can look similar to a small patch of eczema Rarely, pain in a breast. Pain is not a usual early symptom but many women develop painful breasts and this is not usually caused by cancer. P3- Describe the investigation that are carried out to change the diagnosis of these physiological disorders? Coronary Heart Disease require many tests and investigations before a diagnosis can be made such as electrocardiogram which is also known as (ECG) is one of the most widely used tests for detecting heart problems with the help of this that regulates the heart cycle of contraction and relaxation.A number of electrodes (small, sticky patches) put on your arms, legs and chest. Its important to have an electrocardiogram as part of a n initial evaluation for any individual who is guess of or diagnosed with coronary heart disease the test is likely to be repeated periodically to find out the occurrence of heart examinations. In some cases you may have an exercise ECG test or stress test this is when an ECG recording is taken while you are exercising. If you experience pain while exercising, the test can help identify whether your symptoms are caused by angina which is usually due to CHD. Blood tests pick up antidromicities that influence how well the heart working e.g. they can detect raised levels of cholesterol, which may lead to CHD, abnormal levels of thyroid hormones which can affect the heart muscle cells are damaged in a heart attack. You may need to have a number of blood tests to monitor the activity of the heart these may include cardiac enzyme tests which can show whether there has been recent damage to the heart muscle. An X-ray may be used to look at the heart, lungs and chest wall and this can hel p rule out any other conditions that may be causing your symptoms.If your doctor feels you are risk of CHD, they may carry out arisk assessment. This involves asking about your health check and family history, your life style and blood test as Ive already mentioned. If you have CHD youre GP or practice nurse can tell you what your ideal weight is in relation to your build and height. Body mass index will be measured. You also need to regular exercise to make your heart and blood circulatory system more efficient, lower your cholesterol level, and also keep your blood pressure at a healthy level Breast Cancer has many investigations that take place before a diagnosis can be made such as a Biopsy is when a sample is taken of lump or abnormal area the biopsy sample is then analysed in a laboratory and the cells are examined this allows the doctors to see exactly what type of cancer it is and whether its likely to grow slowly or more quickly.There are many types of biopsies that can b e used including core needle biopsy, blood tests and fine needle aspiration and excision biopsy. Scans can measure the size of the cancer and whether it has spread to other parts of the body or nearby this is called staging the cancer. Once the type and stage of the cancer is known the doctors can discuss with the individual how best to treat them. The different types of scans that can be used include ultrasounds, mammograms and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) ultrasound is an imaging technique that used sound waves to create a picture of the breast tissue. It is generally used as a test to a mammogram an ultra sound is the best way to check whether the lump is a solid or filled with fluid a mammogram is one of the most important tools to diagnose breast cancer.It is a breast X-Ray which helps to detect breast cancer, even before there are any obvious signs and symptoms. In the UK, women between 50 and 70 are invited to have a mammogram every trio years as part of a national breas t screening programme. The procedure is very safe and it doesnt make more than 20 minutes there is some discomfort and pain in the breasts when the breast is pressed on an upper and lower plate. MRI imaging technology used in the diagnosis of cancer unlike a mammogram that uses X-Rays to get the images of the breast, MRI use magnets and radio waves to create 3D images of the breast tissue.Sometimes a dye is injected in to the individuals arm cancer cells need a large amount of blood supply for their growth and the MRI shows where and whether the dye is concentrated in certain areas indicating cancer cells and the picture it appears as a white dark background. Having investigations for a breast problem can be aworrying and stressful time. The staff in the clinic will know that you want results as soon as possible and your specialist may be able to tell you what they think the outcome exponent be. However, the results of all the investigations youve had are usually needed before you can be given more detailed information. The clinic will let you know how and when youll get your results.M1- treasure possible difficulties involved in the diagnosis of the disorders from their signs and symptoms. There are many possible difficulties that can be involved in the diagnosis of coronary heart disease and one of them is ECG. Even though an ECG is an important test for detecting heart problems it isnt advisable to have an ECG done every year because there are two reasons for this. The first is that there isnt yet evidence that routine screening actually improves long-term health outcomes. Secondly, ECGS abide too many false-positive tests, especially in women leading to unnecessary additional tests and too many false-negative tests which lead to missed abnormalities. However, this advice could change in the future depending on new evidence from the clinical trials. People who are older or out of shape have arthritis, lung disease, vascular disease or other medical condi tions or those who cannot exercise enough to undergo the exercise tolerance test take a pharmacologic stress test.In place of exercise patients are given medications that increase the hearts need for blood, allowing doctors to detect blockages that obstruct the supply of blood. However, the test is considered safe for most people. Problems that can be involved in the diagnosis of breast cancer can include many women finding having a mammography to be uncomfortable or even painful but this is normally nevertheless for a short time. However some women may find that the pain or soreness lasts for a few days. Mammograms can sometimes show an abnormal area in the breast that is later found not to be a cancer when further tests are carried out. This is known as a false-positive result. It takes a lot of time to get the results for further tests and it can be a very worrying time and some women may continue to feel loathsome even after theyve been told they dont have breast cancer (negat ive result).About 1 in 10 women who have breast screening will have an abnormal result and be asked to go for further tests. The tests may include more mammograms, ultrasound scans or biopsies of thebreast tissue which can cause pain or scarring. Most of the women asked back for further tests wont have breast cancer. 1 or 2 mammograms to be takes again for discordant reasons including the following The roentgenogram picture is blurred and cannot be read by the doctor there is some kind of equipment failure for example the machine that processes the x-ray films breasts down however this is very rare.The mammogram missed part of the breast and it needs to be retakes so that the whole breast can be seen. Although mammography is the most efficient and reliable way of detecting breast cancer early, it is not always perfect. A breast cancer may not be detected by mammogram because some cancers are very difficult to see on the x-ray and the person reading the x-ray may miss the cancer. T his will happen very rarely no matter how experienced the person reading the x-ray is. So, to reduce the risk of a cancer being missed all mammograms are looked at by two people.Referencehttp//www.patient.co.uk/health/preventing-cardiovascular-diseases http//www.nhs.uk/Conditions/Coronary-heart-disease/Pages/Symptoms.aspx http//www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/cad/signs.html http//www.breastcancercare.org.uk/breast-cancer-information/breast-awareness/referral-breast-clinic/mammogram-ultrasound-scan-core-biopsy-fna

Wireless Technology Proposal

Starting a transaction mess be ch on the wholeenging as well as rewarding. Implementing the rehearse of modern, relevant engine room will help promote success within the commercial enterprise. Wireless devices after part be used to help with achieving and maintaining that success. There is a vast array of radio receiver devices avail able-bodied to study from. It is essential to know which of these would be most useful for the party plate business. With research, it has been determined that party plates would reach most from modern cell telephone sets and the Apple IPAD.We recommend that each employee be provided a cellular phone and overly an Apple IPAD for business purposes. Attached is a detailed proposal that addresses the pros and cons of incorporating these 2 devices. We will justify the decision of choosing the devices and our research and data will break down the economical concerns associated with implementing this programme of action. In conjunction with my sq uad, we have deliberated and decided upon two radio receiver technologies that would be beneficial to administer in the Party Plates organization.We have decided to implement the usefulness of Apple iPads & Blackberry phones into our company to streamline business. The iPad offers apps that consume paper-based processes that give you real conviction training, and improve cogency of common office activities. iPad gives you immediate access to important files. Utilizing hands-downtouse business apps on iPad, you can review and edit Microsoft Office and iWork files, fine-tune presentations, and annotate PDFs. iPads allows you to continue working on important projects even when youre away from your desk.Using an iPad simplifies all your business-critical tasks, whether its managing inventory, tracking shipments, or invoicing clients. With iPad and apps from the App Store, get equipped with ready-to-go solutions to occur your operations on course. iPad is also an incredible diligen t gross revenue tool to help you manage all your customer relationships. With its wireless connectivity, iPad gives you on-the-spot access to your CRM database for customer information, sales data, and task lists.In addition to the iPad, our team chose to co-ordinated the Blackberry phone as a wireless mobile device as well. The advantages of giving your employees a blackberry as a business device allows users to make phone calls, send emails, look at and send documents, text messages and pictures, and record and listen to voicemails from anywhere in the world. The business benefits of these devices have led some companies to purchase a plan for every employee. This has led some companies to see an increase in employee efficiency and happiness.With a company Blackberry, an employee can conduct business when outside of the office. Mobile access to communications and information helps you respond promptly to inquiries and address customer concerns immediately, enhancing their satisf action. Access to up-to-date information helps you capitalize on business opportunities virtually whenever and wherever they arise. Technology has many benefits to a business however there are also many potential disadvantages. One important benefit for a bus to use wireless engine room is to save money.Wireless Technology regulates the need for employees to come into the office. For object lesson, if there is a meeting that would involve several employees in different locations it would save the company money to not have to pay for travel expenses. It is an advantage for employees to use their company phones. Wireless communication increases communication by receiving information faster. Wireless communication allows employees to be easy to contact when on the move. Most of all there is no need for cords.On the negative side of wireless technology, many businesses depend on electronic systems and operation for the company can come to an immediate stall if the software crashes or the system goes down. Second, software is constantly changing and needing upgrading and technical support could be time consuming. Security can be an issue unauthorized people can attack wireless technology. The mobile speed is not as fast as a desktop computer, and sometimes servicing can be expensive. As our business Party Plates continues to emerge we will continue to require advancement in our technology.Wireless technology plays a huge role in the way we facilitate our day to day business. whatsoever of the latest additions to our wireless devices are such as the cell phone and I-pad. These wireless devices will plug our employees not only have a variety but flexibility alike. Our management team and sales associates are finding it not only convenient but it helps with their overall productivity of our products for several reasons. First, wireless technology allows our employees the opportunity to be productive and use their time that was formerly being wasted.A good example would be, most employees commute to work on public transportation. The commute allows them the time to research new and bring in ways and ideas to help continue the growth of our company or complete unfinished assignments. Secondly, because our employees or able to take their devices with them, their work locations are much more flexible. Another great advantage to upgrading to wireless technology is that it allows our employees the opportunity to allocate their work time around their personal obligations.The following is a spreadsheet to track hardware and software requirements. In conclusion, you can see the company will successfully meet goals, and provide a more substantial way of communication for all staff. After carefully reviewing the operation of Party Plates a modern relevant and sufficient technology to consider are cell phones and the up to date IPAD 2. Our team would gladly assist your company to moving forward with a wireless way of communication. Reference http//us . blackberry. com/business/types/small/SolutionsBrochure_V5. pdf